People who walk slowly at 45 have higher risks of dementia, study finds

Walking speed can predict a person’s risk of killer diseases including dementia – decades before symptoms develop, new research suggests. 

The brains and bodies of slow walkers were found to have aged more by the time they were 45 to their speedier counterparts.

Their lungs, teeth and immune systems also tended to be in worse shape than faster moving peers.

What’s more, dawdlers can be identified from the age of three using mental agility tests.

The findings could lead to a childhood screening program for Alzheimer’s disease and other life threatening conditions.

People who walk slowly at age 45 are at greater risk for showing early signs of dementia, according to new research from Duke University (file) 

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Lead author Dr Line Rasmussen, a neuroscientist at Duke University, said: ‘The thing that is really striking is this is in 45-year-old people, not the geriatric patients who are usually assessed with such measures.’

It is feared one of the reasons dementia drugs trials keep failing is they are given too late, once the disorder has taken hold.

Signs of ill health may be detected in middle age with a simple walking test, said Dr Rasmussen.

Slower individuals were found to have ‘accelerated ageing’ on a 19-measure scale devised by the US and UK team.

Equally striking, a retrospective analysis also showed they could have been picked out by measuring brain function when they were toddlers.

At three years old their scores on IQ, understanding language, frustration tolerance, motor skills and emotional control predicted how fast they walked – 42 years later.

Senior author Professor Terrie Moffitt, of King’s College London, said: ‘Doctors know slow walkers in their seventies and eighties tend to die sooner than fast walkers their same age.

‘But this study covered the period from the preschool years to midlife, and found a slow walk is a problem sign decades before old age.’

It was based on data from a long term study of 904 people born during a single year in Dunedin, New Zealand.

They have been tested, quizzed and measured their entire lives, most recently as last April when they were 45.

The study, published in JAMA Network Open, included MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans during their last assessment.

The average volume of grey and white matter, cortical thickness, and brain surface area was lower among the slower walkers.

They also had more small lesions associated with blood vessel disease. In short, their brains appeared somewhat older.

Adding insult to injury, they also had a panel of eight outside screeners analyze each participant’s ‘facial age’ from a photograph.

Slow walkers were more likely to look older than their years outwardly as well. 

Gait speed has long been used as a measure of health and ageing in geriatric patients.

But what was new here was the relative youth of the subjects and the ability to see how walking speed matches up with health measures collected throughout their lives.

Dr Rasmussen said: ‘It is a shame we don’t have gait speed and brain imaging for them as children.’

The MRI technique was invented when they were five, but was not given to children for many years afterwards.

Some of the differences in health and cognition may be tied to lifestyle choices they have made, said the researchers.

But the study also suggests there are already signs in early life of who would become the slowest walkers.

Added Dr Rasmussen: ‘We may have a chance here to see who is going to do better health-wise in later life.’

Suggestions of a link between slow walking speed and poor health have been made before.

Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia affect 850,000 people in the UK – and the number will rise to 2 million by 2050.

With no cure in sight there is an increasing focus on identifying those most at risk so they can take preventive measures before it is too late.